Multi-layer micro-wire structure

ABSTRACT

A multi-layer micro-wire structure includes first and second substrates having first and second layers extending to first and second layer edges, respectively. The first layer includes first micro-wire electrodes and first connection pads. Each first micro-wire electrode includes one or more electrically connected first micro-wires and each first connection pad electrically connects to a corresponding first micro-wire electrode. The second layer includes second micro-wire electrodes and second connection pads. Each second micro-wire electrode includes one or more electrically connected second micro-wires, and each second connection pad electrically connects to a corresponding second micro-wire electrode. The second layer is located between the first substrate and the second substrate and the second layer edge extends at least partly beyond the first layer edge so that one or more of the second connection pads is located between at least a portion of the first layer edge and the second layer edge.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

Reference is made to commonly-assigned, co-pending U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 14/217,539, filed Mar. 18, 2014, entitled “MakingMulti-Layer Micro-Wire Structure” by Ronald S. Cok, andcommonly-assigned, co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No.14/217,546, filed Mar. 18, 2014, entitled “Multi-Area Micro-WireStructure” by Ronald S. Cok, the disclosures of which are incorporatedherein.

Reference is made to commonly-assigned, U.S. patent application Ser. No.14/023,740 (now U.S. Pat. No. 9,107,316), filed Sep. 11, 2013, entitled“Multi-Layer Micro-Wire Substrate Structure” by Ronald S. Cok and tocommonly-assigned, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/023,757 (now U.S.Publication No. 2015/0068032), filed Sep. 11, 2013, entitled“Multi-Layer Micro-Wire Substrate Method” by Ronald S. Cok, thedisclosures of which are incorporated herein.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to substrate structures and methods formaking substrate structures having imprinted micro-wires.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Transparent conductors are widely used in the flat-panel displayindustry to form electrodes that are used to electrically switchlight-emitting or light-transmitting properties of a display pixel, forexample, in liquid crystal or organic light-emitting diode displays.Transparent conductive electrodes are also used in touch screens inconjunction with displays. In such applications, the transparency andconductivity of the transparent electrodes are important attributes. Ingeneral, it is desired that transparent conductors have a hightransparency (for example, greater than 90% in the visible spectrum) anda low electrical resistivity (for example, less than 10 ohms/square).

Transparent conductive metal oxides are well known in the display andtouch-screen industries and have a number of disadvantages, includinglimited transparency and conductivity and a tendency to crack undermechanical or environmental stress. Typical prior-art conductiveelectrode materials include conductive metal oxides such as indium tinoxide (ITO) or very thin layers of metal, for example, silver oraluminum or metal alloys including silver or aluminum. These materialsare coated, for example, by sputtering or vapor deposition, and arepatterned on display or touch-screen substrates, such as glass.

Transparent conductive metal oxides are increasingly expensive andrelatively costly to deposit and pattern. Moreover, the substratematerials are limited by the electrode material deposition process (e.g.sputtering) and the current-carrying capacity of such electrodes islimited, thereby limiting the amount of power that is supplied to thepixel elements. Although thicker layers of metal oxides or metalsincrease conductivity, they also reduce the transparency of theelectrodes.

Transparent electrodes, including very fine patterns of conductiveelements, such as metal wires or conductive traces are known. Forexample, U.S. Patent Publication No. 2011/0007011 teaches a capacitivetouch screen with a mesh electrode, as do U.S. Patent Publication No.2010/0026664, U.S. Patent Publication No. 2010/0328248, and U.S. Pat.No. 8,179,381, which are hereby incorporated in their entirety byreference. As disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,179,381, fine conductorpatterns are made by one of several processes, including laser-curedmasking, inkjet printing, gravure printing, micro-replication, andmicro-contact printing. In particular, micro-replication is used to formmicro-conductors formed in micro-replicated channels. The transparentmicro-wire electrodes include micro-wires between 0.5 μ and 4 μ wide anda transparency of between approximately 86% and 96%.

Conductive micro-wires are formed in micro-channels embossed in asubstrate, for example as taught in CN102063951, which is herebyincorporated by reference in its entirety. As discussed in CN102063951,a pattern of micro-channels are formed in a substrate using an embossingtechnique. Embossing methods are generally known in the prior art andtypically include coating a curable liquid, such as a polymer, onto arigid substrate. A pattern of micro-channels is embossed (impressed orimprinted) onto the polymer layer by a master having an inverted patternof structures formed on its surface. The polymer is then cured. Aconductive ink is coated over the substrate and into the micro-channels,the excess conductive ink between micro-channels is removed, for exampleby mechanical buffing, patterned chemical electrolysis, or patternedchemical corrosion. The conductive ink in the micro-channels is cured,for example by heating. In an alternative method described inCN102063951, a photosensitive layer, chemical plating, or sputtering isused to pattern conductors, for example using patterned radiationexposure or physical masks. Unwanted material (e.g. photosensitiveresist) is removed, followed by electro-deposition of metallic ions in abath.

Referring to FIG. 24, a prior-art display and touch-screen system 100includes a display 110 with a corresponding touch screen 120 mountedwith the display 110 so that information displayed on the display 110 isviewed through the touch screen 120. Graphic elements displayed on thedisplay 110 are selected, indicated, or manipulated by touching acorresponding location on the touch screen 120. The touch screen 120includes a first transparent substrate 122 with first transparentelectrodes 130 formed in the X dimension on the first transparentsubstrate 122 and a second transparent substrate 126 with secondtransparent electrodes 132 formed in the Y dimension facing the Xdimension first transparent electrodes 130 on the second transparentsubstrate 126. A dielectric layer 124 is located between the first andsecond transparent substrates 122, 126 and first and second transparentelectrodes 130, 132. The first and second transparent substrates 122,126, and dielectric layer 124 are formed separately and laminatedtogether.

The first and second transparent electrodes 130, 132 have a variablewidth and extend in orthogonal directions (for example as shown in U.S.Patent Application Publication Nos. 2011/0289771 and 2011/0099805). Whena voltage is applied across the first and second transparent electrodes130, 132, electric fields are formed between the first pad areas 128 ofthe X dimension first transparent electrodes 130 and the second padareas 129 of the Y dimension second transparent electrodes 132.

A display controller 142 connected through electrical buss connections136 controls the display 110 in cooperation with a touch-screencontroller 140. The touch-screen controller 140 is connected to thefirst and second transparent electrodes 130, 132 through electrical bussconnections 136 and wires 134 and controls the touch screen 120. Thetouch-screen controller 140 detects touches on the touch screen 120 bysequentially electrically energizing and testing the X dimension firstand Y dimension second transparent electrodes 130, 132.

U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2011/0291966 discloses an arrayof diamond-shaped micro-wire structures. In this disclosure, a firstelectrode includes a plurality of first conductor lines inclined at apredetermined angle in clockwise and counterclockwise directions withrespect to a first direction and provided at a predetermined interval toform a grid-shaped pattern. A second electrode includes a plurality ofsecond conductor lines, inclined at the predetermined angle in clockwiseand counterclockwise directions with respect to a second direction, thesecond direction perpendicular to the first direction and provided atthe predetermined interval to form a grid-shaped pattern. Thisarrangement is used to inhibit Moiré patterns. The electrodes are usedin a touch screen device. Referring to FIG. 25, this prior-art designincludes micro-wires 150 arranged in a micro-pattern 156 with themicro-wires 150 oriented at an angle to the direction of horizontalfirst transparent electrodes 130 and vertical second transparentelectrodes 132. The horizontal first transparent electrodes 130 areformed on an opposite side of a transparent substrate from the verticalsecond transparent electrodes 132.

The structure of FIG. 24 has first and second transparent substrates122, 126 and a dielectric layer 124. This requires the construction offirst transparent electrodes 130 on first transparent substrate 122 andthe separate construction of second transparent electrodes 132 on secondtransparent substrate 126. The first and second transparent substrates122, 126 are then aligned and laminated together.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

There is a need, therefore, for alternative substrate and multi-layermicro-wire structures that enable fewer manufacturing steps and a moreefficient process for manufacturing transparent electrodes havingmicro-wires in an imprinted micro-wire micro-pattern.

In accordance with the present invention, a multi-layer micro-wirestructure comprises:

a first substrate and a first layer in contact with the first substrate,the first layer extending to a first layer edge and including one ormore first micro-wire electrodes and one or more first connection pads,each first micro-wire electrode including one or more electricallyconnected first micro-wires, and each first connection pad electricallyconnected to a corresponding first micro-wire electrode;

a second substrate and a second layer in contact with the secondsubstrate, the second layer extending to a second layer edge andincluding one or more second micro-wire electrodes and one or moresecond connection pads, each second micro-wire electrode including oneor more electrically connected second micro-wires, and each secondconnection pad electrically connected to a corresponding secondmicro-wire electrode; and

wherein the second layer is located between the first substrate and thesecond substrate and wherein the second layer edge extends at leastpartly beyond the first layer edge so that one or more of the secondconnection pads is located between at least a portion of the first layeredge and the second layer edge.

The present invention provides a multi-layer micro-wire structure, amulti-area micro-wire structure, and a method of making a multi-layermicro-wire structure with fewer manufacturing steps.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The above and other features and advantages of the present inventionwill become more apparent when taken in conjunction with the followingdescription and drawings wherein identical reference numerals have beenused to designate identical features that are common to the figures, andwherein:

FIGS. 1A-1D are successive cross sections illustrating a method of thepresent invention;

FIGS. 2 and 3 are flow diagrams illustrating methods of the presentinvention;

FIGS. 4A-4D are successive cross sections illustrating another method ofthe present invention;

FIGS. 5-9 are flow diagrams illustrating methods of the presentinvention;

FIG. 10 is a perspective of an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 11 is a flow diagram illustrating a method of the presentinvention;

FIG. 12 is a perspective of an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 13 is a plan view of first and second micro-wire patterns useful inunderstanding embodiments of the present invention;

FIGS. 14-19 are perspectives of various embodiments of the presentinvention;

FIG. 20 is a cross section of an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 21 is a perspective of an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 22 is a plan view of micro-wires useful in understandingembodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 23 is a perspective of an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 24 is a perspective of a touch screen and a display according tothe prior art; and

FIG. 25 is a plan view of micro-wire electrodes according to the priorart.

The Figures are not drawn to scale since the variation in size ofvarious elements in the Figures is too great to permit depiction toscale.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed toward multi-layer and multi-areamicro-wire structures and methods of making such structures withimproved efficiency and reduced cost. In an embodiment, the multi-layermicro-wire structure is used in a capacitive touch screen or inconjunction with a display device.

Referring to the cross sections of FIGS. 1A-1D and to the flow diagramof FIG. 2, in an embodiment of the present invention a method of makinga multi-layer micro-wire structure 5 (FIG. 1D) includes providing asubstrate 10 having first and second distinct and separated areas 23, 33(FIG. 1A) in step 200. Referring to FIG. 1B, a micro-wire layer 12 islocated in contact with the substrate 10 in step 210. The micro-wirelayer 12 has a first layer edge 24 and a second layer edge 34 differentfrom the first layer edge 24. The micro-wire layer 12 also has first andsecond distinct and separated areas 23, 33 spatially corresponding tothe first and second distinct and separated areas 23, 33 of thesubstrate 10.

The micro-wire layer 12 includes one or more first micro-wire electrodes26 and one or more first connection pads 28 in the micro-wire layer 12in the first area 23. Each first micro-wire electrode 26 includes one ormore electrically connected first micro-wires 27 and each firstconnection pad 28 is electrically connected to a corresponding firstmicro-wire electrode 26. The micro-wire layer 12 also includes one ormore second micro-wire electrodes 36 and one or more second connectionpads 38 in the micro-wire layer 12 in the second area 33. Each secondmicro-wire electrode 36 includes one or more electrically connectedsecond micro-wires 37 and each second connection pad 38 is electricallyconnected to a corresponding second micro-wire electrode 36. The firstmicro-wires 27 and the second micro-wires 37 are located in a commonstep and can include common materials. In an embodiment, the firstconnection pads 28 can include the first micro-wires 27 and the secondconnection pads 38 can include the second micro-wires 37. In anotherembodiment, the first and second connection pads 28, 38 are formed in acommon step with the first and second micro-wires 27, 37 or with commonmaterials.

FIG. 10 is a perspective of the structure illustrated in the crosssection of FIG. 1B. As shown in FIG. 10, in an embodiment of the presentinvention, a multi-area micro-wire structure 6 includes the substrate 10and the micro-wire layer 12 located in contact with the substrate 10.The substrate 10 and the micro-wire layer 12 have corresponding firstand second distinct and separated areas 23, 33. The first area 23 has afirst layer edge 24 and the second area 33 has a second layer edge 34different from the first layer edge 24. The second area 33 is largerthan the first area 23. One or more first micro-wire electrodes 26 andone or more first connection pads 28 are located in or on the micro-wirelayer 12 in the first area 23. Each first micro-wire electrode 26includes one or more electrically connected first micro-wires 27 andeach first connection pad 28 is located adjacent to the first layer edge24 and electrically connected to a corresponding first micro-wireelectrode 26. One or more second micro-wire electrodes 36 and one ormore second connection pads 38 are located in the micro-wire layer 12 inor on the second area 33. Each second micro-wire electrode 36 includesone or more electrically connected second micro-wires 37 and each secondconnection pad 38 is located adjacent to the second layer edge 34 andelectrically connected to a corresponding second micro-wire electrode36. An optional spacing area 50 can separate the first and second areas23, 33 and can include a cut line 80. In an embodiment, the cut line 80is straight; in another embodiment the cut line 80 is not straight, forexample the cut line 80 forms a square wave or a crenellated pattern.

Referring to FIG. 1C, in optional step 400 protective layer 40 islocated over the micro-wire layer 12 to protect the micro-layer 12 andprovide a touch surface 41 over the micro-wire layer 12. The protectivelayer 40 can have a thickness equal to or greater than a thickness ofthe substrate 10. The protective layer 40 also includes first and seconddistinct and separate areas 23, 33 spatially corresponding to the firstand second areas 23, 33, of the substrate 10. The first area 23 of thesubstrate 10, the micro-wire layer 12, and the protective layer 40 (ifpresent) is separated from the second area 33 of the substrate 10, themicro-wire layer 12, and the protective layer 40 (if present) in step220, for example by mechanically cutting the micro-wire layer 12 and thesubstrate 10 along the cut line 80, for example with a knife or punch,or by scribing and breaking, or with a laser. The cut line 80 can, butneed not necessarily coincide with the first layer edge 24.

Turning next to FIG. 1D, the first area 23 of the substrate 10 and thesecond area 33 of the micro-wire layer 12 are located in step 225between the first micro-wires 27 and the second area 33 of the substrate10 so that the second layer edge 34 extends at least partly beyond thefirst layer edge 24 and one or more of the second connection pads 38 islocated between at least a portion of the first layer edge 24 and thesecond layer edge 34. Thus, the first area 23 of the substrate 10 andthe second area 33 of the micro-wire layer 12 form a vertical stack withthe first micro-wires 27 and the second area 33 of the substrate 10 in adirection orthogonal to the substrate 10 surface.

The location step 225 can include a rotation of the first area 23 withrespect to the second area 33, for example about an axis perpendicularto a surface of the substrate 10. Alignment marks 18 (FIG. 10) canfacilitate locating the first and second areas 23, 33. Alignment marks18 and ways to align substrates are known in the art. Electricalconnectors (not shown in FIG. 1D) are electrically connected in step 410to the first and second connection pads 28, 38 to enable a controller(e.g. as illustrated in FIG. 24) to electrically control the first andsecond connection pads 28, 38, for example by providing electricalsignals to the second connection pads 38 and receiving electricalsignals from the first connection pads 28. Connecting electricalconnectors to connection pads is well known in the art.

In another embodiment, an adhesive, for example an optically clearadhesive, is applied to a side of the substrate 10 opposite themicro-wire layer 12 in the first area 23. The second area 33 of themicro-wire layer 12 is then laminated to the side, so that the first andsecond connection pads 28, 38 are exposed.

As described herein and as indicated in FIG. 1D, after the substrate 10is separated in step 220, the first area 23 of the substrate 10 isreferred to as a first substrate 20 and the second area 33 of thesubstrate 10 is referred to as a second substrate 30. Likewise, thefirst area 23 of the micro-wire layer 12 is referred to as a firstmicro-wire layer 22 and the second area 33 of the micro-wire layer 12 isreferred to as a second micro-wire layer 32, as shown in FIG. 1D. Thealignment marks 18 in the first area 23 are referred to as firstalignment marks 29 and the alignment marks 18 in the second area 33 arereferred to as second alignment marks 39, as indicated in FIG. 10 anddescribed further below.

Thus, according to an embodiment of the present invention, a multi-layermicro-wire structure 5 includes the first substrate 20 and the firstmicro-wire layer 22 in contact with the first substrate 20. The firstmicro-wire layer 22 extends to the first layer edge 24 and includes oneor more first micro-wire electrodes 26 and one or more first connectionpads 28. Each first micro-wire electrode 26 includes one or moreconnected first micro-wires 27 and each first connection pad 28 iselectrically connected to a corresponding first micro-wire electrode 26.The second substrate 30 is in contact with the second micro-wire layer32. The second micro-wire layer 32 extends to the second layer edge 34and includes one or more second micro-wire electrodes 36 and one or moresecond connection pads 38. Each second micro-wire electrode 36 includesone or more electrically connected second micro-wires 37 and each secondconnection pad 38 is electrically connected to a corresponding secondmicro-wire electrode 36. The second micro-wire layer 32 is locatedbetween the first substrate 20 and the second substrate 30 and thesecond layer edge 34 extends at least partly beyond the first layer edge24 so that one or more of the second connection pads 38 is locatedbetween at least a portion of the first layer edge 24 and the secondlayer edge 34.

Referring to FIG. 3, in an embodiment of the present invention, thefirst and second micro-wires 27, 37 are located in step 207 by printingconductive material onto the substrate 10 to form the micro-wire layer12. Printing methods can include inkjet printing, gravure printing,flexographic printing, or screen printing. Any suitable printing methodproviding the desired conductive material in a desired pattern on thesubstrate 10 known in the art can be used. For example, the first andsecond micro-wires 27, 37 are plated micro-wires plated on a printed ordeposited seed layer, are silver halide micro-wires formed from one ormore exposed silver halide layers, or are dried conductive inkmicro-wires. In an embodiment, conductive material is applied in aliquid form and cured (for example by drying) to provide an electricallyconductive micro-wire. When in a liquid form, the conductive material isnot necessarily electrically conductive. Useful conductive materials areknown in the printing arts. In the embodiment, the first micro-wires 27are located in or on the first micro-wire layer 22 or form the firstmicro-wire layer 22. Likewise, the second micro-wires 37 are located onthe second micro-wire layer 32 or form the second micro-wire layer 32.

Referring next to the cross sections of FIGS. 4A-4D and to the flowdiagram of FIG. 5, an alternative method of locating the micro-wirelayer 12 on the substrate 10 is described. The substrate 10 is firstprovided (in step 200 of FIG. 2) and then coated with a curable layer 14in step 201 as shown in FIG. 4A, with first and second areas 23, 33. Thecurable layer 14 is imprinted with micro-channels 16 in step 202 using astamp to form the micro-channels 16 and radiation or heat to cure thecurable layer 14 and the micro-channels 16 to form the micro-wire layer12 in a cured layer, in step 203 as shown in FIG. 4B. Imprintingmethods, curable layer materials, and curing techniques are known in theart.

Referring to FIG. 4C, a liquid conductive material is coated over themicro-wire layer 12 surface and the micro-channels 16 in step 204 andremoved from the cured micro-wire layer 12 but not the micro-channels 16in step 205. The liquid conductive material is then cured in step 206 toform the first and second micro-wires 27, 37 in the micro-channels 16.Curing can include heating, exposure to hydrochloric acid, or sinteringsilver particles. Therefore, in an embodiment the first micro-wires 27are located in micro-channels 16 formed in the first micro-wire layer 22or the second micro-wires 37 are located in micro-channels 16 formed inthe second micro-wire layer 32. In one embodiment, the first or secondmicro-wires 27, 37 extend only partially through the first or secondmicro-wire layers 22, 32, respectively. In the illustration of FIG. 4C,the first and second micro-wires 27, 37, also form the first and secondconnection pads 28, 38, respectively.

Referring to FIG. 4D and to the step 225 of FIG. 2, the first area 23 ofthe substrate 10 and the second area 33 of the micro-wire layer 12 arelocated in step 225 between the first micro-wires 27 in the first area23 and the second area 33 of the substrate 10 so that the second layeredge 34 extends at least partly beyond the first layer edge 24 and oneor more of the second connection pads 38 is located between at least aportion of the first layer edge 24 and the second layer edge 34.

In a further embodiment of the present invention, after locating thefirst and second areas 23, 33 in step 225 (FIG. 2), the second area 33of the micro-wire layer 12 is adhered to the first area 23 of thesubstrate 10 on a side of the substrate 10 opposing the firstmicro-wires 27, for example by laminating in step 402 of FIG. 6.Alternatively, in the case in which a protective layer 40 is provided(FIG. 1D), after locating the first and second areas 23, 33 in step 225(FIG. 2), the second area 33 of the protective layer 40 is adhered tothe first area 23 of the substrate 10 on a side of the substrate 10opposing the first micro-wires 27, for example by laminating in step 404of FIG. 7.

In further embodiments of the present inventions referring to FIGS. 8-9,the multi-layer micro-wire structure 5 (FIG. 4D) is integrated withanother substrate, for example a display cover or display substrate. Inone embodiment, the first area 23 of the protective layer 40 or thefirst area 23 of the micro-wire layer 12 is laminated to the othersubstrate in step 406 of FIG. 8 to adhere the top surface of themulti-layer micro-wire structure 5 (FIG. 4D) to another structure.Alternatively, the second area 33 of the substrate 10 opposite thesecond area 33 of the micro-wire layer 12 is laminated to the othersubstrate to adhere the bottom surface of the multi-layer micro-wirestructure 5 (FIG. 4D) to another structure. In yet another embodiment,referring to FIG. 9, the second area 33 of the substrate 10 is removedin step 408, for example, by peeling or etching, and the second area 33of the micro-wire layer 12 is laminated to another substrate in step409. In an embodiment, the other substrate is a display cover or displaysubstrate so that the second substrate 30 is the substrate or cover of adisplay device or another device.

Referring again to FIG. 10 and to FIG. 11, in a further embodiment ofthe present invention, the alignment marks 18 are located in step 211 onthe first area 23 of the substrate 10 or the first area 23 of themicro-wire layer 12. Additional alignment marks are made on the secondarea 33 of the substrate 10 or the second area 33 of the micro-wirelayer 12. In a further embodiment, the alignment marks 18 include thesame materials and are made in a common step with the first and secondmicro-wires 27, 37 or the first and second connection pads 28, 38.Alternatively, the alignment marks 18 are formed in a different step orof different materials.

Once the alignment marks 18 are located in the first and second areas23, 33, they are used in step 212 to align the first area 23 of thesubstrate 10 or the first area 23 of the micro-wire layer 12 with thesecond area 33 of the substrate 10 or the second area 33 of themicro-wire layer 12.

According to various embodiments of the present invention, the firstconnection pads 28 and the second connection pads 38 are arranged invarious configurations with respect to each other, to edges of thesubstrate 10, or to the first and second layer edges 24, 34. In oneembodiment, illustrated in FIG. 10 and in FIG. 12, the first connectionpads 28 are located along the first layer edge 24 or the secondconnection pads 38 are located along the second layer edge 34. Inanother embodiment, the first alignment mark 29 is located along thefirst layer edge 24 or the second alignment mark 39 is located along thesecond layer edge 34.

FIG. 12 further illustrates the multi-layer micro-wire structure 5including the first substrate 20 and first micro-wire layer 22 incontact with the first substrate 20. The first micro-wire layer 22extends to the first layer edge 24 and includes one or more firstmicro-wire electrodes 26 and one or more first connection pads 28. Eachfirst micro-wire electrode 26 includes one or more electricallyconnected first micro-wires 27 and each first connection pad 28electrically connects to a corresponding first micro-wire electrode 26.A second substrate 30 is in contact with the second micro-wire layer 32.The second micro-wire layer 32 extends to the second layer edge 34 andincludes one or more second micro-wire electrodes 36 and one or moresecond connection pads 38. Each second micro-wire electrode 36 includesone or more electrically connected second micro-wires 37 and each secondconnection pad 38 electrically connects to a corresponding secondmicro-wire electrode 36. The second micro-wire layer 32 is locatedbetween the first substrate 20 and the second substrate 30 and thesecond layer edge 34 extends at least partly beyond the first layer edge24 so that one or more of the second connection pads 38 is locatedbetween at least a portion of the first layer edge 24 and the secondlayer edge 34.

In various embodiments of the present invention, first substrate 20 andthe second substrate 30 include common materials and have a commonthickness. In such an embodiment, the first substrate 20 and the secondsubstrate 30 are separated from the common substrate 10.

Referring again to FIGS. 10 and 12, the first micro-wires 27 arearranged in a first pattern 25 and the second micro-wires 37 arearranged in a second pattern 35. In an embodiment, the second pattern 35is the same as the first pattern 25. In a further embodiment, the secondpattern 35 is spatially out of phase with the first pattern 25 in adirection D parallel to a surface of the first substrate 20. Referringfurther to the plan view of FIG. 13, the first pattern 25 is shown withthe first micro-wires 27 of the first micro-wire electrode 26 indicatedin solid lines and the second pattern 35 is shown with the secondmicro-wires 37 of the second electrode 36 indicated in dashed lines. Thefirst and second patterns 25, 35 in FIG. 13 are the same except that thesecond pattern 35 is spatially out of phase with the first pattern 25 by180 degrees.

According to methods and structures of the present invention, the firstand second micro-wire electrodes 26, 36 and the first and secondmicro-wires 27, 37 are formed in a common step of common materials on acommon substrate 10 in first and second distinct and separated areas 23,33, are separated into separate first and second substrates 20, 30, andlocated to overlap the first and second micro-wire electrodes 26, 36 toform a capacitive touch screen. In an embodiment (FIG. 1D), the bottomside of the second substrate 30 opposite the second micro-wires 37provides a touch surface 42 of a capacitive touch screen. Alternatively,the protective layer 40 located on a side of the first micro-wires 27opposite the first substrate 20 has a touch surface 41 located on a sideof the protective layer 40 opposite the first micro-wires 27.

In the embodiment of FIGS. 10 and 12, the first and second connectionpads 28, 38 are arranged in separate parallel rows and the first andsecond layer edges 24, 34 each coincide with an edge of the first orsecond substrate 20, 30 respectively. In an alternative embodiment,illustrated in FIG. 14, the first and second connection pads 28, 38 arearranged in a common row. Referring to FIG. 14, the first connectionpads 28 and the first micro-wire electrodes 26 are located on or in thefirst substrate 20 or the first micro-wire layer 22. The secondconnection pads 38 and the second micro-wire electrodes 36 are locatedon or in the second substrate 30 or the second micro-wire layer 32 inalignment with the first connection pads 28 and the first micro-wireelectrodes 26. The first layer edge 24 is crenellated so that someportions coincide with the second layer edge 34 but other portions donot. Thus, in this embodiment, only portions of the second layer edge 34extend beyond the first layer edge 24 so that the second connection pads38 are located between portions of the first layer edge 24 and thesecond layer edge 34.

In yet another embodiment, referring to FIG. 15, the first layer edge 24of the first micro-wire layer 22 is orthogonal to the second layer edge34 of the second micro-wire layer 32. The first connection pads 28 arearranged adjacent to the first layer edge 24 and the second connectionpads 38 are arranged adjacent to the second layer edge 34. In theembodiment of FIG. 16, the first substrate 20 has an edge different fromand parallel to the first layer edge 24 of the first micro-wire layer 22and the first connection pads 28 are arranged along and adjacent to thedifferent substrate edge. The second connection pads 38 are arrangedalong the second layer edge 34 of the second micro-wire layer 32.Alternatively (not shown), the second substrate 30 has an edge differentfrom and parallel to the second layer edge 34 and the second connectionpads 38 are arranged along and adjacent to the different substrate edge.

The various arrangements of first and second connection pads 28, 38 invarious embodiments of the present invention are enabled by acorresponding variety of multi-area micro-wire structures 6. In theembodiment of FIG. 10, the second micro-wires 27 are located between thefirst connection pads 28 and the second connection pads 38. The firstconnection pads 28 and the second connection pads 38 are arranged inseparate rows. Such an arrangement is useful in forming the multi-layermicro-wire structures 5 illustrated in FIGS. 1D, 4D, 12 and 14.Referring to FIG. 17, in another embodiment, the first micro-wires 27and the second micro-wires 37 are located between the first connectionpads 28 and the second connection pads 38. The first and second areas23, 33 are separated by a spacing area 55 that can enable cut lines 80that are not straight, for example crenellated, as shown. The firstlayer edge 24 can coincide with the edge of the spacing area 50. Thesecond layer edge 34 coincides with an edge of the substrate 10. Firstand second micro-wire electrodes 26, 36 are located on the micro-wirelayer 12 on the substrate 10. In another embodiment, the substrate 10 isfurther trimmed to provide a desired shape, for example to align layeredges with substrate edges.

Referring to FIG. 18, in yet another embodiment, the first connectionpads 28 and the second connection pads 38 are both located between boththe first micro-wires 27 and the second micro-wires 37. The spacing area50 includes a straight cut line 80. The first layer edge 24 can coincidewith the edge of the spacing area 50. The second layer edge 34 coincideswith the edge of the substrate 10. The first and second micro-wireelectrodes 26, 36 are located on the micro-wire layer 12 on thesubstrate 10. In one embodiment of the present invention, the first andsecond substrates 20, 30 are aligned without relative rotation in step225 of FIG. 2. In another embodiment, the first and second substrates20, 30 are relatively rotated in step 225 of FIG. 2 to form thestructure illustrated in FIG. 15, in which the rows of first and secondconnection pads 28, 38 are orthogonal to each other in a plane having anorthogonal to the surface of the first or second substrates 20, 30.Alternatively, the first and second connection pads 28, 38 are locatedorthogonally to each other on the substrate 10 and the micro-wire layer12, as shown in FIG. 19, so that the arrangement of FIG. 15 is madewithout relative rotation between the first and the second substrates20, 30. As shown in FIG. 19, the first and the second micro-wireelectrodes 26, 36 on the micro-wire layer 12 and the substrate 10 extendorthogonally to rows of the first and the second connection pads 28, 38.

Referring to FIG. 20, according to another method and embodiment of thepresent invention, the substrate 10 and the micro-wire layer 12 arefolded in the spacing area 50 so that the substrate 10 is between thefirst area and the second areas 23, 33 of the micro-wire layer 12. In anembodiment the folded spacing portion 50 is cut away by cutting alongcut line 80.

The multi-layer micro-wire structure 5 and multi-area micro-wirestructure 6 of the present invention is useful in a capacitive touchscreen. In such an embodiment, the first micro-wires 27 are sensemicro-wires and the second micro-wires 37 are drive micro-wires.Alternatively, the second micro-wires 37 are sense micro-wires and thefirst micro-wires 27 are drive micro-wires. The control and operation ofcapacitive touch screens is well known in the touch screen art.

To form the capacitors in a capacitive touch screen, it is useful toprovide overlapping electrodes that extend in orthogonal directions. Forsimplicity in illustration, the first and second micro-wire electrodes26, 36 of FIGS. 10, 12, 14, and 17-19 are shown as extending in the samedirection. The first micro-wire electrodes 26 can be rotated withrespect to the second micro-wire electrodes 36 in step 225 (FIG. 2) toprovide overlapping orthogonal first and second micro-wire electrodes26, 36. In a useful alternative embodiment of the present invention, thefirst micro-wire electrodes 26 extend over the first substrate 20 in adirection orthogonal to the direction in which the second micro-wireelectrodes 36 extend over the second substrate 30. FIG. 15 illustrates arow of first connection pads 28 that is arranged orthogonally to the rowof second connection pads 38. First and second micro-wire electrodes 26,36 (not shown) extending from the first and second connection pads 28,38, respectively will extend in orthogonal direction, will overlap, andwill form capacitors when properly controlled with electrical signals.

Referring to FIG. 21, the multi-area micro-wire structure 6 formed onthe substrate 10 and the micro-wire layer 12 includes parallel rows offirst and second connection pads 28, 38 that are electrically connectedto the first and second micro-wire electrodes 26, 36, respectively. Thefirst and second micro-wire electrodes 26, 36 are orthogonal and, whenthe substrate 10 and the micro-wire layer 12 are separated and locatedas described in steps 220 and 225 of FIG. 2, form the multi-layermicro-wire structure 5 shown in FIG. 12 and overlap to form capacitorsuseful in a capacitive touch screen. In an embodiment, the first andsecond micro-wire electrodes 26, 36 are electrically connected by buslines 60 to the first and second connection pads 28, 38 (shown only forthe second connection pads 38). In an embodiment, the bus lines 60 areformed of common materials in a common step with the first or secondmicro-wires 27, 37, as shown in FIG. 22.

FIG. 23 illustrates another embodiment of the multi-layer micro-wirestructure 5. As shown in FIG. 23, the first and second substrates 20, 30support first and second micro-wire layers 22, 32 on which are formedorthogonally oriented first and second micro-wire electrodes 26, 36electrically connected by bus lines 60 to first and second connectionpads 28 38. The first layer edge 24 is crenellated and the second layeredge 34 coincides with an edge of the second substrate 30.

The various edge structures and the first and the second connection pad28, 38 arrangements illustrated are useful for enabling variouselectrical interconnections with electrical cables (for example ribboncables) external to the substrate 10 and structures formed thereon. Inembodiments having the first and the second connection pads 28, 38arranged in a single row, a single row of connection points in, forexample, a ribbon cable is affixed to the first and the secondconnection pads 28, 38 (e.g. as in FIG. 14). In embodiments having thefirst and the second connection pads 28, 38 arranged in separate rows, adouble row of connection wires are affixed to the first and the secondconnection pads 28, 38 (e.g. as in FIG. 12). In embodiments having thefirst and the second connection pads 28, 38 arranged along separatesubstrate edges, separate cables are electrically connected to theseparate rows of first and second connection pads 28, 38 (e.g. as inFIG. 15). The first and second connection pads 28, 38 arranged inseparate parallel rows can be spatially offset from each other, oraligned together.

The micro-wire layer 12 (the first or second micro-wire layers 22, 32)useful in the present invention can include a cured polymer materialwith cross-linking agents that are sensitive to heat or radiation, forexample infra-red, visible light, or ultra-violet radiation. The polymermaterial can be a curable material applied in a liquid form that hardenswhen the cross-linking agents are activated. When a molding device, suchas an imprinting stamp having an inverse micro-channel structure isapplied to liquid curable material coated on the substrate 10 and thecross-linking agents in the curable material are activated, the liquidcurable material in the curable layer 14 is hardened into a curedmicro-wire layer 12 with the imprinted micro-channels 16. The liquidcurable materials can include a surfactant to assist in controllingcoating on the substrate 10. Materials, tools, and methods are known forimprinting coated liquid curable materials to form cured layers havingthe micro-channels 16.

Curable inks useful in the present invention are known and can includeconductive inks having metal particles, for example electricallyconductive nano-particles. The electrically conductive nano-particlescan be metallic or have an electrically conductive shell. Theelectrically conductive nano-particles can be silver, can be a silveralloy, or can include silver or other metals, such as tin, tantalum,titanium, gold, copper, or aluminum, or alloys thereof. The metalparticles can be sintered to form a metallic electrical conductor. Curedinks can include light-absorbing materials such as carbon black, a dye,or a pigment.

Curable inks provided in a liquid form are deposited or located in themicro-channels 16. Once deposited, the conductive inks are cured, forexample by heating or exposure to radiation such as infra-red, visiblelight, or ultra-violet radiation. The curing process drives out theliquid carrier and sinters the metal particles to form a metallicelectrical conductor. The curable ink hardens to form the cured ink thatmakes up the first or the second micro-wires 27, 37. For example, acurable conductive ink with conductive nano-particles is located bycoating the micro-wire layer 12 to fill the micro-channels 16 and heatedto agglomerate or sinter the nano-particles, thereby formingelectrically conductive first and second micro-wires 27, 37. Materials,tools, and methods are known for coating liquid curable inks to form thefirst and the second micro-wires 27, 37 in the micro-channels 16.

In an embodiment, a curable ink can include conductive nano-particles ina liquid carrier (for example an aqueous solution including surfactantsthat reduce flocculation of metal particles, humectants, thickeners,adhesives or other active chemicals). The liquid carrier is located inmicro-channels 16 and heated or dried to remove liquid carrier ortreated with hydrochloric acid, leaving a porous assemblage ofconductive particles that are agglomerated or sintered to form a porouselectrical conductor in a layer. Thus, in an embodiment, curable inksare processed to change their material compositions, for exampleconductive particles in a liquid carrier are not electrically conductivebut after processing form an assemblage that is electrically conductive.

Conductive inks are known in the art and are commercially available. Inany of these cases, conductive inks or other conducting materials areconductive after they are cured and any needed processing completed.Deposited materials are not necessarily electrically conductive beforepatterning or before curing. As used herein, a conductive ink is amaterial that is electrically conductive after any final processing iscompleted and the conductive ink is not necessarily conductive at anyother point in the micro-wire formation process.

According to various embodiments of the present invention, the substrate10 is any material having a surface on which a cured micro-wire layer 12is formed or on which patterned first or second micro-wires 27, 37 canbe printed, deposited, or plated. The substrate 10 can be a rigid or aflexible substrate made of, for example, a glass, metal, plastic, orpolymer material, can be transparent, and can have opposingsubstantially parallel and extensive surfaces. The substrates 10 caninclude a dielectric material useful for capacitive touch screens andcan have a wide variety of thicknesses, for example 10 microns, 50microns, 100 microns, 1 mm, or more. In various embodiments of thepresent invention, the substrate 10 is provided as a separate structureor is coated on another underlying substrate, for example by coating apolymer substrate layer on an underlying glass substrate.

The substrate 10 can be an element of other devices, for example thecover or substrate of a display or a substrate, cover, or dielectriclayer of a touch screen. In an embodiment, the substrate 10 of thepresent invention is large enough for a user to directly interacttherewith, for example using an implement such as a stylus or using afinger or hand. Methods are known in the art for providing suitablesurfaces on which to coat a single curable layer. In a usefulembodiment, the substrate 10 is substantially transparent, for examplehaving a transparency of greater than 90%, 80% 70% or 50% in the visiblerange of electromagnetic radiation.

The micro-channel 16 is a groove, trench, or channel formed on or in thesubstrate 10 and can have a cross-sectional width less than 20 microns,for example 10 microns, 5 microns, 4 microns, 3 microns, 2 microns, 1micron, or 0.5 microns, or less. Micro-channels 16 can have arectangular cross section, as shown. Other cross-sectional shapes, forexample trapezoids, are known and are included in the present invention.The width or depth of a layer is measured in cross section.

In various embodiments of the present invention, the micro-channel 16 orthe first or the second micro-wire 27, 37 has a width less than or equalto 10 microns, 5 microns, 4 microns, 3 microns, 2 microns, or 1 micron.In an example and non-limiting embodiment of the present invention, eachfirst or second micro-wire 27, 37 is from 10 to 15 microns wide, from 5to 10 microns wide, or from 5 microns to one micron wide. In someembodiments, the first or second micro-wires 27, 37 can fill themicro-channel 16; in other embodiments the first or second micro-wires27, 37 do not fill the micro-channel 16. In an embodiment, the first orthe second micro-wire 27, 37 is solid; in another embodiment the firstor the second micro-wire 27, 37 is porous.

Electrically conductive micro-wires, for example the first micro-wires27 and the second micro-wires 37, and methods of the present inventionare useful for making electrical conductors and busses for transparentmicro-wire electrodes and electrical conductors in general, for exampleas used in electrical busses 60. A variety of micro-patterns can be usedand the present invention is not limited to any one pattern. Micro-wirescan be spaced apart, form separate electrical conductors, or intersectto form a mesh electrical conductor on or in the substrate 10 or thefirst or the second micro-wire layers 22, 32. The micro-channels 16 canbe identical or have different sizes, aspect ratios, or shapes.Similarly, micro-wires can be identical or have different sizes, aspectratios, or shapes. The micro-wires can be straight or curved.

Micro-wires can be metal, for example silver, gold, aluminum, nickel,tungsten, titanium, tin, or copper or various metal alloys including,for example silver, gold, aluminum, nickel, tungsten, titanium, tin, orcopper. Micro-wires can include a thin metal layer composed of highlyconductive metals such as gold, silver, copper, or aluminum. Otherconductive metals or materials can be used. Alternatively, micro-wirescan include cured or sintered metal particles such as nickel, tungsten,silver, gold, titanium, or tin or alloys such as nickel, tungsten,silver, gold, titanium, or tin. Conductive inks can be used to formmicro-wires with pattern-wise deposition or pattern-wise formationfollowed by curing steps. Other materials or methods for formingmicro-wires, such as curable ink powders including metallicnano-particles, can be employed and are included in the presentinvention.

Electrically conductive micro-wires of the present invention can beoperated by electrically connecting micro-wires through first or secondconnection pads 28, 38 and electrical connectors to electrical circuitsthat provide electrical current to the micro-wires and can control theelectrical behavior of the micro-wires. Electrically conductivemicro-wires of the present invention are useful, for example in touchscreens such as projected-capacitive touch screens that use transparentmicro-wire electrodes and in displays. Electrically conductivemicro-wires can be located in areas other than display areas, forexample in the perimeter of the display area of a touch screen, wherethe display area is the area through which a user views a display.

Methods and devices for forming and providing substrates and coatingsubstrates are known in the photo-lithographic arts. Likewise, tools forlaying out electrodes, conductive traces, and connectors are known inthe electronics industry as are methods for manufacturing suchelectronic system elements. Hardware controllers for controlling touchscreens and displays and software for managing display and touch screensystems are well known. These tools and methods can be usefully employedto design, implement, construct, and operate the present invention.Methods, tools, and devices for operating capacitive touch screens canbe used with the present invention.

The present invention is useful in a wide variety of electronic devices.Such devices can include, for example, photovoltaic devices, OLEDdisplays and lighting, LCD displays, plasma displays, inorganic LEDdisplays and lighting, electrophoretic displays, electrowettingdisplays, dimming mirrors, smart windows, transparent radio antennae,transparent heaters and other touch screen devices such as resistivetouch screen devices.

The invention has been described in detail with particular reference tocertain embodiments thereof, but it will be understood that variationsand modifications can be effected within the spirit and scope of theinvention.

PARTS LIST

-   D direction-   X x dimension-   Y y dimension-   5 multi-layer micro-wire structure-   6 multi-area micro-wire structure-   10 substrate-   12 micro-wire layer-   14 curable layer-   16 micro-channels-   18 alignment marks-   20 first substrate-   22 first micro-wire layer-   23 first area-   24 first layer edge-   25 first pattern-   26 first micro-wire electrode-   27 first micro-wire-   28 first connection pad-   29 first alignment mark-   30 second substrate-   32 second micro-wire layer-   33 second area-   34 second layer edge-   35 second pattern-   36 second micro-wire electrode-   37 second micro-wire-   38 second connection pad-   39 second alignment mark-   40 protective layer-   41 touch surface-   42 touch surface-   50 spacing area-   60 bus line-   80 cut line-   100 display and touch screen system-   110 display-   120 touch screen-   122 first transparent substrate-   124 dielectric layer-   126 second transparent substrate-   128 first pad area-   129 second pad area-   130 first transparent electrode-   132 second transparent electrode-   134 wires-   136 electrical buss connections-   140 touch-screen controller-   142 display controller-   150 micro-wire-   156 micro-pattern-   200 provide substrate step-   201 form curable layer step-   202 imprint micro-channel(s) step-   203 cure curable layer and micro-channel(s) step-   204 deposit conductive ink on cured layer and in micro-channel(s)    step-   205 remove conductive ink from cured layer step-   206 cure conductive ink in micro-channel(s) step-   207 print first and second micro-wires on substrate step-   210 locate micro-wire layer with first and second micro-wires step-   211 locate first and second micro-wires, connection pads, and    alignment marks step-   212 align first and second areas of substrate step-   220 separate first and second areas step-   225 locate second area in alignment with first area step-   400 locate protective layer step-   402 laminate second area of micro-wire layer to first area of    substrate step-   404 laminate second area of protective layer to first area of    substrate step-   406 laminate first area of protective layer to second substrate step-   408 remove second area of substrate step-   409 laminate second area of micro-wire layer to second substrate    step-   410 affix connector step

The invention claimed is:
 1. A multi-layer micro-wire structure,comprising: a first substrate and a first layer in contact with thefirst substrate, the first layer extending to a first layer edge andincluding one or more first micro-wire electrodes and one or more firstconnection pads, each first micro-wire electrode including one or moreelectrically connected first micro-wires, and each first connection padelectrically connected to a corresponding first micro-wire electrode; asecond substrate and a second layer in contact with the secondsubstrate, the second layer extending to a second layer edge andincluding one or more second micro-wire electrodes and one or moresecond connection pads, each second micro-wire electrode including oneor more electrically connected second micro-wires, and each secondconnection pad electrically connected to a corresponding secondmicro-wire electrode; and wherein the second layer is located betweenthe first substrate and the second substrate and wherein the secondlayer edge extends at least partly beyond the first layer edge so thatone or more of the second connection pads is located between at least aportion of the first layer edge and the second layer edge.
 2. Themulti-layer micro-wire structure of claim 1, wherein the secondsubstrate is a substrate or cover of a display device.
 3. Themulti-layer micro-wire structure of claim 1, wherein the first substrateand the second substrate include common materials and have a commonthickness.
 4. The multi-layer micro-wire structure of claim 1, whereinthe first micro-wires are arranged in a first pattern and the secondmicro-wires are arranged in a second pattern.
 5. The multi-layermicro-wire structure of claim 4, wherein the first substrate has asurface and wherein the second pattern is the same as the first patternand is spatially out of phase with the first pattern in a directionparallel to the first substrate surface.
 6. The multi-layer micro-wirestructure of claim 1, wherein the second substrate has a surfaceopposite the second micro-wires that is a touch surface of a capacitivetouch screen.
 7. The multi-layer micro-wire structure of claim 1,further including a protective layer located on a side of the firstmicro-wires opposite the first substrate, the protective layer having atouch surface located on a side of the protective layer opposite thefirst micro-wires.
 8. The multi-layer micro-wire structure of claim 1,wherein the first micro-wires are located in micro-channels formed inthe first layer or the second micro-wires are located in micro-channelsformed in the second layer.
 9. The multi-layer micro-wire structure ofclaim 1, wherein the first micro-wires extend only partially through thefirst layer or the second micro-wires extend only partially through thesecond layer.
 10. The multi-layer micro-wire structure of claim 1,wherein the first micro-wires are located on the first layer or form thefirst layer or the second micro-wires are located on the second layer orform the second layer.
 11. The multi-layer micro-wire structure of claim1, wherein the first layer or the second layer is a cured layer.
 12. Themulti-layer micro-wire structure of claim 1, wherein the firstmicro-wires or the second micro-wires are cured micro-wires havingsintered conductive particles, are plated micro-wires plated on a seedlayer, silver halide micro-wires, or are dried conductive inkmicro-wires.
 13. The multi-layer micro-wire structure of claim 1,wherein the first and second connection pads are arranged in separaterows.
 14. The multi-layer micro-wire structure of claim 1, wherein thefirst and second connection pads are arranged in a common row.
 15. Themulti-layer micro-wire structure of claim 1, wherein the first layeredge is crenellated.
 16. The multi-layer micro-wire structure of claim1, wherein the first substrate has a first substrate edge and the firstlayer edge coincides with the first substrate edge or the secondsubstrate has a second substrate edge and the second layer edgecoincides with the second substrate edge.
 17. The multi-layer micro-wirestructure of claim 1, wherein the first layer edge is orthogonal to thesecond layer edge, the first connection pads are arranged adjacent tothe first layer edge and the second connection pads are arrangedadjacent to the second layer edge.
 18. The multi-layer micro-wirestructure of claim 1, wherein the first substrate has an edge differentfrom the first layer edge and the first connection pads are arrangedalong and adjacent to the first substrate edge or the second substratehas an edge different from the second layer edge and the secondconnection pads are arranged along and adjacent to the second substrateedge.
 19. The multi-layer micro-wire structure of claim 1, wherein thefirst micro-wires are sense micro-wires and the second micro-wires aredrive micro-wires or wherein the second micro-wires are sensemicro-wires and the first micro-wires are drive micro-wires.
 20. Acapacitive touch screen having the multi-layer micro-wire structure ofclaim 19.